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For example, it was found that carnitine as a supplement may be used to treat diabetes mellitus (29, 30), liver cirrhosis (31), dyslipidemia (32), hypertension (33), heart failure (34), coronary artery disease (35), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (36), Alzheimers disease (37), migraine (38), and muscle injury (39)
Extant studies have found that AS-IV has protective effects on the kidneys and improves renal fibrosis by enhancing the expression of phosphorylated (p-) Smad3 C/p21 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2(Nrf2)/Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), thereby inhibiting p-Smad 3L/plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 and reducing ROS and -SMA levels (Qin et al., 2023)
Second, glutathione is a powerful agent that protects cells from damage by free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons
454 In glaucoma mice, mitophagy may also be downregulated, and the mitophagy marker Rheb was observed to be weakened in the retina, 455 so the damaged mitochondria are difficult to be cleared by mitophagy
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