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Interestingly, dopamine may increase neuronal vulnerability, as was suggested by an earlier study showing that -synuclein is selectively toxic in dopaminergic neurons, and neuroprotective in non-dopaminergic cortical neurons 36
Peptides are short chains of amino acids that act as messengers in the body triggering specific cellular responses
Similar to their mammalian homologue, these enzymes specifically degrade intracellular GSH while yielding 5-oxoproline and cysteinylglycine (Kumar et al., 2015
Longitudinal studies in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone have demonstrated that gut dysbiosis precedes the onset of hypertension and is marked by shifts in bacterial community structure and altered tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism, implicating microbial pathways in the early development of hypertension and related neurovascular complications (Shi et al., 2022)
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