GHK-Cu downregulates acute-phase and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-?, IL-6), upregulates anti-oxidant defenses (including superoxide dismutase, Nrf2 and HO-1 pathways), and suppresses fibrotic signaling by inhibiting TGF-?1/Smad2/3 activation
Notably, the roles of antioxidants in normal physiology are poorly understood, largely preventing our ability to modulate antioxidants to either prevent or treat disease
New Phytol 185(4):11081118 Wang WS, Pan YJ, Zhao XQ, Dwivedi D, Zhu LH, Ali J, Fu BY, Li ZK (2011) Drought-induced site-specific DNA methylation and its association with drought tolerance in rice ( Oryza sativa L.)
This makes MOTS-c particularly relevant for peptides for menopause and peptides for women over 40 who experience midsection weight gain during hormonal transitions