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Framing the CD-HT link in this broader context helps explain why shared HLA background, barrier dysfunction, and common immune circuits may matter even when a direct gluten-thyroid causal pathway has not been definitively proven ( Accordingly, this review focuses on the mechanisms most likely to connect gluten exposure with thyroid autoimmunity: gut dysbiosis and barrier failure, molecular mimicry and immune cross-reactivity, and epigenetic regulation of immune tolerance

A 2019 study on NAFLD/NASH found oral supplementation at 300 mg daily effectively prevented disease progression

categorized such pathways into those remaining insulin sensitive and those becoming insulin resistant, according to their relevance in Metabolic Syndrome

Science 362 , eaar3593 (2018)