It is generally accepted that excess cytosolic copper is tightly bound by the metallothioneins, preventing the existence of free, unbound copper ions
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Rare side effects of B12 shots (require medical attention) Serious reactions to B-12 shots are uncommon, but its important to be aware of them: Allergic reaction, including rash, hives, dizziness, or trouble breathing Significant swelling, pain, or warmth that worsens at the injection site Palpitations or chest discomfort Signs of drug interactions, especially if you take multiple prescription medications If you experience symptoms that feel intense, progressive, or unusual, you should contact your provider right away
Amino acid transport: The gamma-glutamyl cycle uses glutathione to transport amino acids across cell membranes, a process essential for cellular amino acid uptake [2][3]