Superoxide anion (O 2 - ), hydroxyl (OH ), alkoxy radicals (RO ), peroxyl radicals (ROO ), nitric oxide radical (NO ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), and carbonate radical (CO 3 - ) are the few examples of radical ROS whereas non-radical ROS include singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and peroxynitrite (ONOO - ) species which can readily trigger free radical reactions in organisms [23, 24]
Furthermore, recent clinical and animal studies have shown that oxidative stress can be mitigated by consuming antioxidant-rich foods, supplements, and specialized diets which can, in turn, improve both sleep and overall health (Lei et al., 2023)
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In RBCs, this hyperoxidation of Prx2 does not occur, as it is counteracted by sulfiredoxin [60, 73]