1 Introduction The global increase in recreational drug use continues to pose significant challenges to public health and societal wellbeing
Furthermore, the absence of standardized formulations complicates dose uniformity and treatment reproducibility, as differences in concentration, excipients, or stability across preparations can materially influence therapeutic efficacy and safety outcomes
This fact indicates that the activation of a pool of cancer stem cells underlies the adaptive capacity of these cells to hypoxia and drug resistance, where cysteine acts as a facilitator
Regarding the integrated pathogenic network linking ferroptosis with inflammation, hypoxia, and fibrosis, in this network, the initial AKI-induced tubular injury (e.g., from I/R or nephrotoxicity) directly triggers ferroptosis via mitochondrial dysfunction and iron overload