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These changes contribute to neuroinflammation, bloodbrain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, microglial activation, and neurotransmitter imbalances

10.1016/S0531-5565(02)00175-4

Although the degree of inflammation in OA is generally lower than in rheumatoid arthritis, synovial tissue can still exhibit marked hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration ( Accompanying inflammation and mechanical damage, oxidative stress and multiple forms of cell death are deeply involved in the molecular mechanisms driving OA progression ( Figure 1 )