Several viral infections, and the progression of virus-induced diseases, especially those associated with COVID-19, are characterized by an alteration in the intracellular redox balance ( FIGURE 8 Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease, may be an ideal environment for the high viral replication capabilities of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells, enhancing hyper-inflammation secondary to immune system dysregulation (Figure 9) that leads to adverse outcomes, as shown in patients with cardiovascular risk factors (258, 259)
Intravenous iron therapy is generally reserved for severe iron deficiency, although one study showed no difference in the efficacy of intravenous iron therapy compared to treatment with oral iron in the form of ferrous fumarate (Garrido-Martin 2012)
Instead of non-HDL-C levels, ApoB levels may be used to check how well lipid treatment is working
Criteria used to exclude ineligible papers were: studies published in language other than English, comments, personal opinions, old data, not relevant to the topic, no quantifiable evidence, non-relevant population and outcome
