Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 177, 299306
Several toxicants have been found in mainstream hookah smoke including nicotine [27, 61,62,63,64], carbon monoxide [27, 63], carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [27, 61, 63,64,65], aromatic amines [63], aldehydes [64, 66], furanic and phenolic compounds [67, 68], tar [19, 61], particulate matter [69], heavy metals [19], and ammonia [70]
To clean them: Baking Soda Treatment: Sprinkle baking soda over the carpet, let it sit for several hours, then vacuum thoroughly. Steam Cleaning: For deeper cleaning, use a steam cleaner with a carpet cleaning solution to extract embedded smoke particles. 5
Factors such as overall lung capacity, metabolism, and tolerance levels can vary among smokers, affecting how they absorb nicotine from tobacco products